2005 Efficiency Retail Technology 
The Agile Manager
SEPTEMBER 30, 2013
Microcomputers improved the efficiency of data collection and made it easy to consolidate operational data. This has happened through equity buybacks (in 2005-8 this was usually funded with debt, since 2009 it's just as likely to be funded with excess cash flow) and dual-class share structures (Groupon, Facebook, News Corp, etc.)
The Agile Manager
JANUARY 31, 2016
The thinking was that by owning the supply chain from raw materials to retail outlets, a firm had direct control over its entire cost structure, making it better able to squeeze efficiencies out of it and being less susceptible to supply shocks. As far back as the 19th century, industrial firms pursued vertical integration strategies.
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